It will be shown that all three support the conclusion that ST-clusters were not tautosyllabic by the Classical Latin period however, phonological and morphological evidence will show that ST-clusters had been tautosyllabic prior to the historical period. In § 3, I will review the three different types of evidence we have for syllable structure in historical languages: metrics (§ 3.1), synchronic phonology (§ 3.2), and morphology (§ 3.3). § 2 will examine the most recent discussions of ST-clusters in Latin. In § 1.2, we will review the evidence concerning the prosodic structure of initial sibilant-stop clusters in Modern Romance languages. This paper will be structured as follows. 2 I will reexamine the evidence from Latin metrics, phonology, and morphology to determine the syllabification of sibilant-stop sequences and whether it can be demonstrated that this syllabification has changed over time. In Latin, there seems to be evidence both in support of a tautosyllabic branching onset and of heterosyllabic treatments. The various treatments of ST-sequences in Latin and other Indo-European languages, especially PIE, Sanskrit, and Gothic, will be modeled in Optimality Theory using constraints on phonotactics and extraprosodicity.Ĭonsonant clusters involving violations of the Sonority Sequencing Principle 1 are notoriously messy cross-linguistically (see, e.g., Cho & King (2003), Vaux & Wolfe (2009) for discussion and references). In such sequences, Classical Latin allowed only in the onset, while the formed a coda in medial position and was housed extraprosodically in word-initial position. I will apply all three to Latin forms, showing that in Pre-Literary Latin, sibilant-stop clusters formed true onsets, as Byrd (2010) has argued for Proto-Indo-European, but that by the Classical period these SSP-violating clusters were no longer licensed as onsets. I will argue that there are three types of evidence we can and should employ in attempting to diagnose syllable structure in ancient languages: metrical, phonological, and morphological. Onsets to roots such as * steh 2- require special consideration. Because sibilants are more sonorous than stops, There is little agreement in the field about some of the more difficult cases, most of which involve both word-initial and medial clusters that violate the Sonority Sequencing Principle ( SSP), particularly sibilant-stop clusters. Sanskrit (Kobayashi, 2004), Latin (Marotta, 1999), Greek (Zukoff, 2012), Anatolian (Kavitskaya, 2001), and general Indo-European (Byrd, 2010 Keydana, 2012).
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